What formula is used to calculate the angle of refraction in a material?

The angle of refraction in a material is determined using Snell's Law. This principle relates the angles of incidence and refraction to the velocities of sound or light in two different mediums. It states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant and is equal to the ratio of the velocities of sound or light in the two materials.

Mathematically, it is expressed as:

[

\frac{\sin(\theta_1)}{\sin(\theta_2)} = \frac{v_1}{v_2}

]

where ( \theta_1 ) is the angle of incidence, ( \theta_2 ) is the angle of refraction, and ( v_1 ) and ( v_2 ) are the velocities in the two media. This relationship is crucial in various NDT applications, especially in ultrasonic testing, as it allows the technician to determine how sound waves will behave as they pass from one material to another, which is essential for accurate evaluations and assessments of material integrity.

The other options do not specifically address the calculation of the angle of refraction. For instance, the Refraction Principle is a broader concept,